Counseling Psychology




Counseling Psychology

Counseling psychology is a specialized field within professional psychology that aims to enhance personal and interpersonal functioning across all stages of life, encompassing emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns. As a comprehensive health service provider, counseling psychology addresses both typical developmental challenges and dysfunctional issues from various perspectives, including individual, family, group, systems, and organizational viewpoints. Through its diverse approaches, counseling psychology supports individuals dealing with physical, emotional, and mental disorders to improve their overall well-being, alleviate distress and maladjustment, overcome crises, and cultivate the capacity to lead more fulfilling and functional lives.

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Originally presented as part of a 1998 petition by the Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association, the above description highlights the distinctive aspects of the field. One of its key differentiators lies in the emphasis on promoting healthy behavior throughout the life span. Counseling psychologists focus on understanding and addressing life’s various stages and transitions, including career and vocational development, as well as personality growth. Moreover, the field is dedicated to understanding individuals within the context of their environments, recognizing the significant impact of external factors on personal well-being.

Central to the practice of counseling psychology are core values that have remained constant over the years. One of these values is prevention, emphasizing the importance of proactively addressing potential challenges before they escalate into larger issues. By identifying and intervening early, counseling psychologists seek to support individuals in overcoming difficulties and maintaining psychological well-being.

Additionally, counseling psychology places great importance on developmental transitions. Recognizing that people undergo various changes throughout their lives, this approach acknowledges the significance of these transitions and their potential impact on mental health and overall functioning. By offering guidance and support during critical periods of change, counseling psychologists help individuals navigate these transitions more successfully.

Another essential aspect of counseling psychology is its focus on building on individuals’ strengths. Rather than solely concentrating on addressing disturbances and difficulties, counseling psychologists recognize and harness the existing assets of their clients. This strength-based approach encourages individuals to leverage their positive attributes to overcome challenges, leading to more effective and empowering interventions.

Over the years, counseling psychology has favored relatively brief therapeutic interventions. This approach prioritizes efficiency and effectiveness, seeking to achieve positive outcomes in a timely manner. Regardless of the degree of disturbance, counseling psychologists are committed to working with individuals’ strengths to create positive change and foster growth.

In summary, counseling psychology is a multifaceted field that encompasses a wide range of concerns throughout the life span. Its dedication to promoting healthy behavior, understanding developmental issues, supporting career and vocational development, and acknowledging the influence of individuals’ environments sets it apart as a distinct and essential specialty within professional psychology. Rooted in enduring core values of prevention, developmental transitions, and a strengths-based approach, counseling psychology continues to provide valuable support and guidance to individuals seeking to improve their well-being and lead more fulfilling lives.

Evolutionary Sources of Counseling Psychology

Conceptually, philosophically, and professionally, the field of counseling psychology has evolved from diverse sources, each contributing to its distinctive development. Among the prominent influences are vocational guidance, psycho-metrics, and psychotherapy. Early in the 1900s, vocational guidance emerged as a movement aimed at assisting young individuals in their vocational adjustments through education and occupational information. Initially focused on providing job-related information, vocational guidance expanded its scope with the development of psychometric methods, notably starting with the Binet Intelligence Scales and further advanced through the creation of intelligence tests for military personnel during World War I. This expansion allowed vocational guidance to become more than just informational, as it began to incorporate psychological testing to better match individuals with suitable careers. The Great Depression of the 1930s provided further impetus for the growth of vocational guidance as the Minnesota Stabilization Research Institute experimented with psychological tests and training to aid unemployed workers in finding suitable jobs.

Around the same time, interest in psychotherapy and the study of personality gained momentum. Carl Rogers made a highly influential contribution to this movement with his work on Client-Centered Therapy, published in 1951. His theoretical and practical innovations offered counselors a new understanding of individuals and their adjustment issues, whether related to occupation, personal values, or interpersonal relationships. Rogers’ work not only enriched counselors’ comprehension of people’s struggles but also contributed to a better understanding of counseling processes and procedures, leading to the development of new counselor training methods.

In 1955, Donald Super’s article, “Transition: From Vocational Guidance to Counseling Psychology,” described the confluence of these various streams of influence in shaping the evolution of counseling psychology as a distinct field. Starting with vocational guidance as a foundation centered on work orientation, it progressed through the integration of psychometric and psychotherapeutic methods. Eventually, counseling psychology evolved into a broader field that assisted individuals with various life adjustments, focusing on the person in need of help rather than merely addressing specific problems. The field began to consider the individual within their unique context, emphasizing the importance of the person-environment interaction.

This transformation of counseling psychology into a multifaceted field, characterized by its focus on prevention, mental health, personal strengths, and brief interventions, occurred within a cultural context that was receptive to these ideas. These principles were in harmony with the societal values of the time, which emphasized a commitment to change, particularly through empirically based technological advancements. The period also saw a focus on social mobility and an emphasis on self-help or self-development, aligning with the core tenets of counseling psychology.

As the field continued to grow and evolve, it embraced a holistic approach to helping individuals navigate various life challenges. The emphasis on prevention and mental health underscored the significance of early intervention and promoting well-being rather than solely addressing problems after they arise. Counseling psychologists began to recognize and build upon the strengths and resources individuals possessed, empowering them to overcome obstacles and achieve personal growth.

Moreover, the adoption of brief interventions was driven by a desire to make counseling more accessible and efficient, acknowledging that not all individuals require long-term therapy to address their concerns effectively. This approach catered to a broader spectrum of clients, recognizing that people have different needs and preferences when seeking assistance.

The person-environment interaction became a central focus in counseling psychology, as counselors recognized the impact of an individual’s surroundings on their well-being and development. Understanding how an individual’s unique context influences their experiences and challenges allowed counselors to tailor their interventions accordingly, providing more relevant and effective support.

Throughout its evolutionary journey, counseling psychology has continued to emphasize the significance of life-span development, recognizing that personal growth and adjustment occur across various stages of life. By embracing a comprehensive approach to assisting individuals with life’s challenges, counseling psychology has established itself as a valuable profession, dedicated to fostering mental health, well-being, and personal empowerment within the broader context of an individual’s world.

Societal Influences in Counseling Psychology

The evolution of counseling psychology has been significantly influenced by societal events and crises throughout history. One such example is the development of the Army General Classification Test during World War I, which aimed to efficiently assign millions of military personnel to appropriate roles. The economic depression of the 1930s in the United States also had a profound impact, leading to a deeper understanding of people’s relationship with work and the development of improved methods for fitting individuals to their environments.

During the 1940s and 1950s, counseling psychology saw a shift towards rehabilitation and restoration. The focus moved towards adapting individuals to their environments rather than simply fitting them into predefined roles. This transformation was facilitated by advancements in educational planning and guidance, physical and vocational rehabilitation methods, and psychotherapy or personality counseling for mental health restoration. The aftermath of World War II, the Korean conflict, and the competition between the Soviet Union and the United States in space research necessitated psychological and medical treatment for physical and emotional war casualties. In response, the Veterans Administration (VA) was tasked with assisting veterans in their return to civilian life through rehabilitation and restoration services. This led to an increased demand for psychologists in VA hospitals for inpatient treatment, as well as counseling and guidance for veterans utilizing the G.I. Bill for educational and career pursuits. Many student counseling centers today trace their origins back to these VA-sponsored programs. Additionally, the competition between Eastern and Western powers during the space race led to the passage of the National Defense Education Act, funding training institutes in universities to prepare counselors for schools and colleges.

The 1960s witnessed counseling psychology’s interest in personal enhancement, exploring topics like self-awareness, self-actualization, phenomenology, and existentialism. These concepts were integrated into psychotherapeutic methods, most notably in Carl R. Rogers’s client-centered therapy, which opened the door for other non-medical approaches like behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapies. The social climate of the time, characterized by the cold war, the proliferation of nuclear missiles, and the Vietnam War, created social consequences such as discouragement, disenchantment, and a sense of helplessness in response to an increasingly threatening environment. Counseling psychology sought ways to cope with these external threats by focusing on internal processes, making existential and client-centered approaches especially relevant to address this internal orientation.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a concern for the integration of individuals and their environments emerged, with a focus on understanding individuals within their social context. This period saw counseling psychology assume an increased responsibility for environmental and social development, as well as the conservation of human and natural resources. Social influence theory was applied to counseling during this time, resulting in the emergence of new methods and approaches such as psychological education, peer counseling, crisis intervention, hot lines, community psychology, sensitivity training, and indigenous helping. These approaches aimed to foster increased personal and environmental synchrony and promote overall well-being.

In recent times, counseling psychology has placed greater emphasis on clinical services, with more counseling psychologists engaging in independent practice and working in health service settings. Economic conditions, health-care policies, and income distribution have posed challenges for counseling psychologists, leading to concerns about third-party payment for services, participation in managed care programs, and eligibility for Medicare reimbursement.

In conclusion, the evolution of counseling psychology has been shaped by various societal events and crises over time. From its origins in vocational guidance and psychometrics to the emphasis on rehabilitation, personal enhancement, and the integration of individuals and their environments, counseling psychology has continuously adapted to address the changing needs of society. As counseling psychologists navigate contemporary challenges related to clinical services and healthcare policies, they remain committed to promoting personal and environmental well-being through their valuable work.

APA Division 17

Counseling Psychology

The organizational history of counseling psychology is deeply intertwined with the establishment and evolution of Division 17 within the American Psychological Association (APA). The APA underwent reorganization in the early 1940s, resulting in the formation of the “Reorganized American Psychological Association,” a transformative phase described by Dael Wolfle. The origin and progression of APA divisions were discussed in depth by Benjamin and Dewsbury, respectively.

In November 1943, the bylaws of the reorganized APA were published in the Psychological Bulletin, defining divisions as entities representing specific interests within the Association. This structure allowed for the creation of nineteen charter divisions, with Division 17, initially known as the Division of Personnel and Guidance Psychologists, catering to APA members with primary interests in selection, training, and guidance within educational institutions and guidance agencies.

The Divisional Organization Committee was tasked with appointing temporary chairs and secretaries for the charter divisions, and in the May 1945 Psychological Bulletin, it named Edmund G. Williamson as the chair and Catherine C. Miles as the secretary for Division 17. These appointees served until elected officers took office during the September 1945 annual APA meeting. The first elected officers for Division 17 were Edmund G. Williamson (chair), J. G. Darley (secretary), and J. G. Darley, Alvin C. Eurich, Harold Edgerton, and C. L. Shartle as council representatives. In the following year, the division’s name was changed to the Division of Counseling and Guidance Psychologists. Notably, its officers for 1956 to 1947 were Edmund G. Williamson (president), John G. Darley (secretary), and Hugh Bell. G. Frederic Kuder, Carroll Shartle, and Edmund G. Williamson served as representatives to APA Council.

The bylaws, drafted by J. G. Darley as division secretary and approved at the first business meeting of Division 17 on September 5, 1946, outlined the division’s purposes. According to C. Winfield Scott’s report in 1980, these purposes included extending psychological techniques to counseling and guidance activities, promoting high standards of practice, encouraging scientific and professional inquiry, formulating professional standards and ethical codes for counseling and guidance, establishing scholastic and professional training requirements, and collaborating with psychologists primarily attached to medical activities to foster working relationships between related psychological specialties.

During the division’s early stages, its structure closely resembled that of APA, featuring standing committees for Education and Training, Scientific Affairs, Professional Affairs, and Membership. However, in the 1970s, women members made significant strides, establishing a very active Standing Committee on Women. Nevertheless, most committees were limited to three members, with one new member appointed each year by the president-elect to serve a three-year term. Consequently, involvement in the governance of the division was limited.

As the number of accredited counseling psychology programs increased in the 1980s, reaching 46 in 1986, Division members expressed growing concern about involving more individuals in division governance. To address this need for inclusivity, special-interest groups were formed in 1985. However, it became evident that a broader and more comprehensive governance structure was necessary to ensure the division’s viability and alignment with the interests of counseling psychologists in the 1990s.

In 1992, during Bruce Fretz’s presidential year, a major restructuring initiative was initiated to diversify emphasis and increase member involvement in division governance. The Executive Board meticulously designed an organizational structure that underwent thorough discussion and detailing under the leadership of Janice Birk, Jo-Ida Hansen, and Kathleen Davis. At the 1995 annual business meeting, the necessary by-law revisions were approved, leading to the establishment of four elected vice presidents (Diversity and Public Interest, Education and Training, Professional Practice, and Scientific Affairs), nine appointed standing committees, and provisions for interest sections, including the Section on Women. Additionally, special task groups could be appointed as needed, and the bylaws introduced a membership category of professional affiliation for non-members of APA.

By 1995, the number of accredited programs had risen to 69, and Division membership surged to over 3,000, with more than 225 members actively participating in governance activities. This significant increase in involvement inspired optimism that the restructuring would effectively address the needs of division members well into the future, enabling counseling psychology to adapt to the ever-changing demands of individuals and society.

Training Conferences in Counseling Psychology

Four significant training conferences held between 1949 and 1987 hold historical importance for Division 17. The first conference, not organized by Division 17, took place in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in July 1949 and January 1950. It focused on the training of “subdoctoral” professionals and introduced the term “Counselor-Psychologists” to describe individuals trained at the doctoral level, akin to clinical psychologists.

In 1951, the Northwestern Conference, hosted by Northwestern University, played a pivotal role in shaping the direction of Division 17. It led to the formal approval of the name “Counseling Psychology” for the division. Additionally, the conference produced two significant publications in the American Psychologist: “Recommended Standards for Training Counseling Psychologists at the Doctorate Level” and “The Practicum Training of Counseling Psychologists,” both released in 1952. A follow-up paper titled “Counseling Psychology as a Specialty,” published in the American Psychologist in 1956, highlighted that the Veterans Administration had introduced positions titled “Counseling Psychologist,” and the American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology had changed its diploma name to “Counseling Psychology” from “Counseling and Guidance.”

The Greyston Conference, held in 1964, followed three years of discussions and planning by Division 17. This conference featured presentations that reviewed the developments in the field since 1951, including substantive foundations for the specialty, various work sites and activities, current assessment and innovative methods, and the nature of existing training programs. The conference report, titled “The Professional Preparation of Counseling Psychologists” (1964), included historic documents and recommendations specifying essential areas of training and the proportion of training time for each aspect.

In 1987, the Georgia Conference, themed “Planning the Future of Counseling Psychology,” further shaped the landscape of the division. During the conference, attendees actively participated in discussions focusing on various areas, including Professional Practice, Public Image, Training and Accreditation, Research, and Organization and Political Issues. The comprehensive report of the conference, along with the recommendations from the discussions, was published in the July 1988 issue of The Counseling Psychologist.

These training conferences were pivotal in the evolution and development of counseling psychology as a distinct and dynamic specialty within the field of psychology. They facilitated important discussions, fostered professional collaboration, and provided a framework for setting training standards and addressing crucial issues in the field. These conferences played an instrumental role in defining the identity, scope, and future trajectory of counseling psychology, allowing it to adapt to the changing needs of individuals and society over time.

Journals and Newsletters in Counseling Psychology

The historical trajectory of the counseling psychology field is not only shaped by various professional movements, societal influences, and organizational developments but is also documented through its publications. One crucial archive of the division’s history lies within its publications. The inaugural division newsletter emerged in 1948 and was later christened as “Counseling News and Views,” remaining in circulation until 1968. In 1969, it gave way to “The Counseling Psychologist,” a quarterly publication that was founded and edited by John Whiteley. The primary purpose of this new journal was to provide critical analysis and commentary on professional issues and serve as a platform for addressing matters of professional concern. In 1983, the division reinstated a newsletter, allowing for more frequent communication and updates within the counseling psychology community.

At the core of counseling psychology’s publishing landscape stands the esteemed “Journal of Counseling Psychology,” established in 1954 through the collaborative efforts of Milton Hahn, Harold Seashore, Donald Super, and C. Gilbert Wrenn. Its creation was made possible by the modest financial backing of 28 stockholders (Wrenn, 1966). For over four decades, the journal provided an invaluable resource, delving into the scientific and practical aspects of counseling psychology. By 1967, the American Psychological Association (APA) assumed the publication of the journal, ensuring its continued prominence as a platform for disseminating groundbreaking research and insights in the field. The first 45 volumes, spanning up to the late 1990s, offer a comprehensive and detailed chronicle of counseling psychology’s growth and evolution.

Today, the field of counseling psychology stands as a culmination of diverse factors, making it a dynamic and multidimensional discipline. The historical accounts of its development can be thoroughly explored within the pages of its journals and newsletters. These invaluable publications not only showcase the evolution of counseling psychology’s theories and practices but also shed light on the ever-evolving social and professional landscapes that have influenced the field.

Furthermore, researchers, scholars, and enthusiasts seeking a deeper understanding of counseling psychology’s historical context can delve into the rich repository of deposited materials at the Archives of the History of American Psychology. This treasure trove houses valuable records, documents, and artifacts that provide valuable insights into the pivotal moments, figures, and trends that have shaped the field over time.

In conclusion, the history of counseling psychology is intricately documented through its publications, serving as an essential resource for understanding the field’s development and progress. The journals and newsletters offer a glimpse into the challenges, breakthroughs, and transformations that have driven counseling psychology to its current standing. Additionally, the Archives of the History of American Psychology offers a wealth of materials that serve as a valuable source for conducting in-depth research into the multifaceted journey of counseling psychology.

References:

  1. Benjamin, L. ,Jr. (1997). The origin of psychological species: History of the beginnings of American Psychological Association Divisions. American Psychologist. 52, 725-732.
  2. Bordin, E. S. (Ed.). (1951). Training of psychological counselors: Report of a conference held at Ann Arbor. Michigan. July 27 and 28. 1949. and January 6 and 7. 1950. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  3. S. D.. & Lent. R. W. (Eds.). (1992). Handbook of counseling psychology. New York: Wiley. (Original work published 1984)
  4. D. A. (1997). On the evolution of divisions. American Psychologist. 52. 733-741.
  5. Gazda, G. M., Rude. S. S., Weissberg. M., & contributors (1988). Third national conference for counseling psychology: Planning the future. The Counseling Psychologist, 16, 323-439.
  6. Gelso, C. J., & Fretz, B. R. (1992). Counseling psychology. Fort Worth. TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
  7. P. P.. Kivlighan. D. M., Jr., & Wampold, B. E. (1992). Research design in counseling. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
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  9. L. D. (1977). Why has the professional practice of psychological counseling developed in the United States? The Counseling Psychologist, 7. 19-20.
  10. Scott, C. W. (1963/1980). History of the division of counseling psychology: 1945-1963. In J. M. Whiteley (Ed.). The history of counseling psychology (pp. 25-40). Mon­terey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  11. Super, D. E. (1955). Transition: From vocational guidance to counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychol­ogy, 2, 3-9.
  12. Thompson, A. S .. & Super, D. E. (1964). The professional preparation of counseling psychologists: Report of the 1964 Greyston Conference. New York: Teachers College Press. Columbia University Bureau of Publications.
  13. C. E., Jr., & Schneider, L. J. (Eds.). (1991). Research in counseling. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  14. Whiteley, J. M. (Ed.). (1980). The history of counseling psychology. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  15. Wolfle, D. (1946). The reorganized American Psychological Association. American Psychologist, 1, 3-6.
  16. C. G. (1966). Birth and early childhood of a journal. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 13, 485-488.

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